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The conventional methods used for the diagnostics of viral infection are either expensive and time-consuming or not accurate enough and dependent on consumable reagents. In the presence of pandemics, a fast and reagent-free solution is needed for mass screening. Recently, the diagnosis of viral infections using infrared spectroscopy has been reported as a fast and low-cost method. In this work a fast and low-cost solution for corona viral detection using infrared spectroscopy based on a compact micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device and artificial intelligence (AI) suitable for mass deployment is presented. Among the different variants of the corona virus that can infect people, 229E is used in this study due to its low pathogeny. The MEMS ATR-FTIR device employs a 6 reflections ZnSe crystal interface working in the spectral range of 2200-7000 cm-1. The virus was propagated and maintained in a medium for long enough time then cell supernatant was collected and centrifuged. The supernatant was then transferred and titrated using plaque titration assay. Positive virus samples were prepared with a concentration of 105 PFU/mL. Positive and negative control samples were applied on the crystal surface, dried using a heating lamp and the spectrum was captured. Principal component analysis and logistic regression were used as simple AI techniques. A sensitivity of about 90 % and a specificity of about 80 % were obtained demonstrating the potential detection of the virus based on the MEMS FTIR device. © 2023 SPIE.
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Since the end of 2021, Omicron, the new variant of SARS-CoV-2, has continued to spread as the predominant strain of COVID-19. Compared to previous variants, Omicron causes milder symptoms, which are similar to symptoms of other common respiratory infections, such as flu. In this work, we develop a silicon photonic chip-based biosensor for COVID-19 and flu detection using subwavelength grating micro-ring resonator. The biosensor realizes the detection of two pathogens with high sensitivity (1.31 fg/mL) and specificity. Besides, the microfluidic channel offers a promising solution for point-of-care detection. © 2023 SPIE.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human infectious disease that continues to develop new variants. A crucial step in the quest to reduce the infection is the development of rapid and reliable virus detectors. Here, we report a chip scale photonic sensing device consisting of a silicon-nitride double microring resonator (MRR) for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. The sensor is implemented by surface activation of one of the MRRs, acting as a probe, with DNA primers for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, whereas the other MRR is used as a reference. The performance of the sensor is determined by applying different amounts of SARS-CoV-2 complementary RNA. As will be shown in the paper, our device detects the RNA fragments at concentrations of 10 cp/μL and with sensitivity of 750 nm/RIU. As such, it shows a promise toward the implementation of label-free, small form factor, CMOS compatible biosensor for SARS-CoV-2, which is also environment, temperature, and pressure independent. Our approach can also be used for detecting other SARS-CoV-2 genes, as well as other viruses and pathogens. © 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2023.
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Traditional photonic systems are endowed with brand new properties owing to the addition of topological physics with light. A conjugated topological cavity-states (CTCS) in one-dimensional photonic systems is presented, which has not only robust light transport but also ultra-high performances, such as high quality factor (high-Q) and perfect transmission. This extraordinary CTCS can address the bottleneck of typical topological photonic systems, which can only achieve robust light transport without maintaining high performance. Furthermore, the CTCS is especially suitable for bio-photonic sensing with high resolution requirements. An ultra-sensitivity of 2000 nm/RIU and a high-Q of 109 for detecting the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 S-glycoprotein solution are obtained. Notably, the CTCS not only opens new possibilities for advanced photonics but also paves the way for high performance in topological photonic devices.
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The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the rapid implementation of virtual clinics across the healthcare sector. Alternatives to the conventional face-to-face patient assessment have been sought and piloted within dermatology departments. Cutaneous patch testing is traditionally assessed on days 2 and 4, and often delayed readings are required. Strategies to minimize physical attendance and the potential risk of COVID-19 transmission were required in order to maintain access to services. Photographic assessment of patch testing was introduced in our department. In addition, we employed photographic phototonics to augment the patch-test result image. Phototonics is the technology of generating, detecting and manipulating physical light, whose quantum unit is the photon. Photonics can be used to assess levels of blood flow in a clinical photograph of skin acting as a surrogate marker for cutaneous inflammation. Our aim was to assess if clinical photography and photonic image analysis can improve the detection of positive reactions in the virtual interpretation of patchtest results. Consecutive patients attending for patch testing were recruited and written consent was obtained. Photographs of patch-test results were taken using a 40-megapixel colour camera, on day 5, contemporaneous to patch-test assessment by the study investigators. The photographs were then analysed using spectral imaging technology software (HyperCube). The analysis employed principal component analysis, a technique used to reduce the dimensionality of datasets. The phototonic images were then examined to determine a combination of variables or colour patterns (red-green-blue) that would indicate a positive result and a surrogate marker for cutaneous inflammation. Thirty patients were recruited from September to November 2020. Two blinded investigators determined whether the results were positive, ?positive, irritant or other. Phototonic, photographic and clinical results were then compared. Photonic evaluation captured 59% of positive patch-test readings, while photographic assessment captured 50%. Interpretation of the results was almost identical between both investigators. This pilot study outlines the potential application of phototonic technology in the interpretation of virtual patch-test results. It is evident that physical attendance for patch-test reading is superior to both photographic phototonic assessment and photographic assessment. However, there may be role for the use of phototonics in order to augment the evaluation of virtual patch-test results. Interpretation of phototonics can be difficult and is generally modelled to validated results. Analysis using a multispectral camera to include specific wavelengths to monitor increased blood flow may have a role.
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The scientific and technical sectors saw the necessity for innovative solutions as the effects of COVID-19 on society became clear. More basic research endeavors with long-term and significant effects have focused on the creation of novel diagnostics and the acceleration of vaccines. Researchers from many walks of life got together to tackle this problem in a truly global effort. In the medium term, efforts have focused on repurposing current technologies and utilizing additive manufacturing techniques to overcome shortages in safety equipment and disinfection. The development of innovative diagnostics and the acceleration of vaccines have been the focus of more basic research initiatives with an impact in the middle and lengthy. As a vital technology, photonics has supported all efforts, both directly and indirectly, to combat this type of pandemic. This viewpoint will provide an outline of the crucial part the photonics society played in the COVID-19 pandemic and talk about how the photonics society could assist in preventing future pandemic viruses. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.
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We propose a rapid serologic test based on disposable nano-photonic biochips for SARS-CoV-2 related antibodies. The label-free sensograms showed that positive and negative human serum samples were discriminated, enabling real-time and fast label-free detection. © 2022 The Author (s)
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We propose a rapid serologic test based on disposable nano-photonic biochips for SARS-CoV-2 related antibodies. The label-free sensograms showed that positive and negative human serum samples were discriminated, enabling real-time and fast label-free detection. © 2022 The Author (s)
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19–20 September 2022, Penang, MalaysiaThe Photonics Meeting is an annual event organized by the Optical Society of Malaysia (OSM) in celebrating UNESCO International Day of Light. For this year, the 5th Photonics Meeting 2022 (PM22) was held on 19th and 20th of September 2022 in collaboration with Universiti Sains Malaysia. PM22 with the theme "Exploring photonics breakthrough for humanity” has attracted 26 contributors that covers various topics on photonics including optical materials, laser physics, fiber optics and colorimetry. PM22 has been honoured with presentation from world renowned scientists from industry as well as international research laboratory and universities as the plenary and keynote speakers. PM22 would like to extend its great appreciation to all the committee members who have work diligently to ensure the smooth deliverance of this scientific event. Due to the Covid19 pandemic, the conference was fully conducted virtually through Cisco Webex platform hosted by School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Each participant was given 10 minutes for their presentation and another 5 minutes for question and answer session. All submission has been thoroughly reviewed by the experts in the respective field and presented in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series.List of Editors, Keynote Speaker, Plenary Speaker, Organizing Committee are available in this Pdf.
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BACKGROUND: Recent innovative non-pharmacological interventions and neurostimulation devices have shown potential for application in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These include photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. OBJECTIVE: This pilot study assesses the safety, compliance with, and efficacy of a brain-gut PBM therapy for mild-to-moderate AD patients. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized, monocentric sham-controlled study started in 2018 and ended prematurely in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fifty-three mild-to-moderate AD patients were randomized, 27 in the PBM group and 26 in the sham group. All patients had 40 treatment sessions lasting 25âmin each over 8 weeks and were followed for 4 weeks afterwards. Compliance with the treatment was recorded. Safety was assessed by recording adverse events (AEs), and efficacy was evaluated using neuropsychological tests. RESULTS: The PBM therapy proved to be safe in regard to the number of recorded AEs (44% of the patients), which were balanced between the PBM and sham groups. AEs were mainly mild, and no serious AEs were reported. The majority of the patients (92.5%) were highly compliant, which confirms the feasibility of the PBM treatment. Compared to the sham patients, the PBM patients showed lower ADAS-Cog comprehension subscores, higher forward verbal spans, and lower TMT-B execution times, which suggests an improvement in cognitive functions. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the tolerability of and patient compliance with a PBM-based treatment for mild-to-moderate AD patients. It highlights encouraging efficacy trends and provides insights for the design of the next phase trial in a larger AD patient sample.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , COVID-19 , Low-Level Light Therapy , Humans , Pilot Projects , Pandemics , Treatment Outcome , Alzheimer Disease/radiotherapy , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Brain , Double-Blind Method , Patient ComplianceABSTRACT
In 2018, Springfield Technical Community College (STCC) was awarded a $551K grant from the National Science Foundation Advanced Technological Education (NSF-ATE) program to create a new series of multimedia problem-based learning (PBL) instructional modules, referred to as PBL Challenges, in advanced photonics manufacturing in partnership with MIT's AIM Photonics Group and the photonics industry in the Northeast. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the project's professional development and classroom testing of the modules had to be adapted to an online format. A qualitative study was conducted in which participating STEM educators and photonics technician students were surveyed and interviewed to better understand (1) how and to what extent online delivery of PBL instructional materials impacted teacher and faculty adaptation, and (2) the impact of online PBL instruction on student learning outcomes. Results of the study are presented.
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Electronic learning, or e-learning, is a vital educational format for the upskilling of the workforce, with promises to sustain accessibility to training in spite of travel restrictions brought by the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, specialized online photonics courses are becoming increasingly available on the market, responding to needs of business employees to access on-demand technical teaching material to maintain competitive business advantages. It is in this context that Excelitas Technologies Inc. and the International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, formed a partnership to deploy a platform to upskill scientists, engineers and project managers. Since June 2021, 60 employees across seven Excelitas sites worldwide have gained access to a library of technical courses offered by SPIE. The paper will present a case study into the instructional design, implementation strategies, and evaluation methods for this program. An evaluation framework based on the Kirkpatrick model is used to provide qualitative data to assess the quality of the learning delivery, the performance of the learners, and benefits to the organization. Preliminary evaluation results based on the analysis of pre-training and post-training surveys will be presented, along with lessons learned in organizational and learning development.
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In this study, a fabricated silicon (Si) microring resonator biosensor was able to detect 500 fg/mL of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in phosphate-buffered saline. The relationship between the amount of wavelength shift and refractive index change is investigated in this work. © 2022 IEICE.
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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has once more emphasized the urgent need for accurate and fast point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for outbreak control and prevention. The main challenge in the development of POC in vitro diagnostics (IVD) is to combine a short time to result with a high sensitivity, and to keep the testing cost-effective. In this respect, sensors based on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) may offer advantages as they have features such as a high analytical sensitivity, capability for multiplexing, ease of miniaturization, and the potential for high-volume manufacturing. One special type of PIC sensor is the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (aMZI), which is characterized by a high and tunable analytical sensitivity. The current work describes the application of an aMZI-based biosensor platform for sensitive and multiplex detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma samples using the spike protein (SP), the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the nucleocapsid protein (NP) as target antigens. The results are in good agreement with several CE-IVD marked reference methods and demonstrate the potential of the aMZI biosensor technology for further development into a photonic IVD platform.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , COVID-19 , Antibodies, Viral , Biosensing Techniques/methods , COVID-19/diagnosis , Humans , Interferometry , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The great advances in silicon photonic-sensing technology have made it an attractive platform for wide sensing applications. The small size of chip and detection system makes photonic microring resonator can be used in clinic for quick detection of disease. Here, we employ the high sensitivity of the photonic sensor toward the change of refractive index for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus spike proteins and botulinum toxin in water. The system require very small amount of sample 50uL with high sensitivity, in short 1hr without pre-treatment required. The measurement can be automatic with minimum manpower involved. Moreover, the system can be multiplexed to detect a few target analytes at the same time in one sample. © 2021 MicroTAS 2021 - 25th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences. All rights reserved.
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The ability to interpret information through automatic sensors is one of the most important pillars of modern technology. In particular, the potential of biosensors has been used to evaluate biological information of living organisms, and to detect danger or predict urgent situations in a battlefield, as in the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in this era. This work is devoted to describing a panoramic overview of optical biosensors that can be improved by the assistance of nonlinear optics and machine learning methods. Optical biosensors have demonstrated their effectiveness in detecting a diverse range of viruses. Specifically, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has generated disturbance all over the world, and biosensors have emerged as a key for providing an analysis based on physical and chemical phenomena. In this perspective, we highlight how multiphoton interactions can be responsible for an enhancement in sensibility exhibited by biosensors. The nonlinear optical effects open up a series of options to expand the applications of optical biosensors. Nonlinearities together with computer tools are suitable for the identification of complex low-dimensional agents. Machine learning methods can approximate functions to reveal patterns in the detection of dynamic objects in the human body and determine viruses, harmful entities, or strange kinetics in cells.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , COVID-19 , Viruses , Biosensing Techniques/methods , COVID-19/diagnosis , Humans , Machine Learning , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to affect the world and after more than two years of the pandemic, approximately half a billion people are reported to have been infected. Due to its high contagiousness, our life has changed dramatically, with consequences that remain to be seen. To prevent the transmission of the virus, it is crucial to diagnose COVID-19 accurately, such that the infected cases can be rapidly identified and managed. Currently, the gold standard of testing is polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which provides the highest accuracy. However, the reliance on centralized rapid testing modalities throughout the COVID-19 pandemic has made access to timely diagnosis inconsistent and inefficient. Recent advancements in photonic biosensors with respect to cost-effectiveness, analytical performance, and portability have shown the potential for such platforms to enable the delivery of preventative and diagnostic care beyond clinics and into point-of-need (PON) settings. Herein, we review photonic technologies that have become commercially relevant throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as emerging research in the field of photonic biosensors, shedding light on prospective technologies for responding to future health outbreaks. Therefore, in this article, we provide a review of recent progress and challenges of photonic biosensors that are developed for the testing of COVID-19, consisting of their working fundamentals and implementation for COVID-19 testing in practice with emphasis on the challenges that are faced in different development stages towards commercialization. In addition, we also present the characteristics of a biosensor both from technical and clinical perspectives. We present an estimate of the impact of testing on disease burden (in terms of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), and Quality-Adjusted Life Days (QALDs)) and how improvements in cost can lower the economic impact and lead to reduced or averted DALYs. While COVID19 is the main focus of these technologies, similar concepts and approaches can be used and developed for future outbreaks of other infectious diseases.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , COVID-19 , Biosensing Techniques/methods , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19 Testing , Humans , Pandemics , Prospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
The current impact of COVID-19 on global health and the economy is enormous. Considering pandemic severity, there is an urgent need to develop a smart biosensor that can provide early detection of SARS-CoV-2 viruses with robust and reliable results. In this work, we have systematically developed a plasmonic-based biosensor chip for the early detection of the COVID-19 virus by providing fast and reliable results. The label-free plasmonic sensor utilizes light and detects the resonance oscillation of surface-bound free conduction electrons in the presence of the target analyte biomarker (virus), resulting in binding and affinity incidents at the surface of plasmonic gold (Au) material, causing a shift in the resonance wavelength. The results show the ability of biosensor to exhibit an increased shift in the resonance wavelength upon binding of the COVID-19 virus because of the change in the optical property, i.e., the refractive index of the medium in the vicinity of the Au film. This study further demonstrated the fabrication and performance optimization of the plasmonic biosensor for the potential point-of-care testing device. © 2021 IEEE.